|
LGBT culture in France is centred on Paris, the capital city, where there is an active LGBT community. In the 1990s, 46% of France's gay men lived in Paris. As of 2004, Paris had 140 LGBT bars, clubs, hotels, restaurants, shops, and other commercial businesses. Florence Tamagne, author of "Paris: 'Resting on its Laurels'?", wrote that there is a "''Gaité parisienne''"; she added that Paris "competes with Berlin for the title of LGBT capital of Europe, and ranks only second behind New York for the title of LGBT capital of the world."〔Tamagne, p. (240 ).〕 It has France's only gayborhoods that are officially organized.〔 ==History== Tamagne stated that beginning in the 19th century Paris became known as a centre for LGBT culture. She wrote that during the early 20th century Paris was seen as a "queer" capital, even though Amsterdam, Berlin, and London all had more meeting places and organizations than Paris; this was due to the "flamoyance" of LGBT quarters and "visbility" of LGBT celebrities.〔 Tamagne stated that in the 1930s the LGBT populations socialized with migrant groups, some youth groups, criminal groups, and other groups who were "marginalized" in society.〔Tamagne, p. (242 ).〕 According to Tamagne, Paris retained the LGBT capital image after the end of World War II.〔 Tamagne stated that in the 1950s and 1960s the police and authorities tolerated homosexuals as long as the conduct was private and out of view.〔 In the 1960s, gay males received more harassment from police than lesbians. Between the years of 1953 and 1978 the annual numbers of women convicted of homosexuality ranged between one and twelve.〔Tamagne, p. (243 ).〕 Tamagne characterized this number as "relatively low".〔Tamagne, p. (244 ).〕 Drag performances used male-to-female transsexuals because the police did not allow cisgender males to perform in drag.〔 Gay bar raids occurred during the 1950s and 1960s; there were occasions when the owners of the bars were involved in facilitating the raids. Lesbians rarely visited gay bars and instead socialized in circles of friends.〔 Lesbians who did go to bars often originated from the working class; other women had internalized self-loathing and/or did not want to damage their reputations.〔 By the 1970s police files on gays and lesbians were destroyed, and many laws against LGBT conduct and people were repealed.〔 An anti-gay marriage demonstration occurred in the Esplanade des Invalides in 2013.〔Morgenstein, Mark. "(Protesters against same-sex marriage fill central Paris plaza )" ((Archive )). ''CNN''. Monday May 17, 2013. Retrieved on September 24, 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「LGBT culture in Paris」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|